Key Words to Understand China: The Fight Against COVID-19

 

一、中央決策

Decisions by the Central Leadership

 

1. 疫情防控要堅持全國一盤棋

 

在2020年2月3日召開的中共中央政治局常委會會議上，習近平指出，疫情防控要堅持全國一盤棋。

 

堅持全國一盤棋，首先要加強黨中央集中統一領導。各級黨委和政府必須堅決服從黨中央統一指揮、統一協調、統一調度，做到令行禁止。各地區各部門必須增強大局意識和全局觀念，堅決服從中央應對疫情工作領導小組及國務院聯防聯控機制的指揮，采取舉措既考慮本地區本領域防控需要，也考慮對重點地區、對全國防控的影響。

 

疫情發生以來，在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央統一領導、統一指揮下，各地區各部門各司其職、協調聯動，緊急行動、全力奮戰。全國各地調派醫務人員，迅速集結、馳援武漢；建設者日夜奮戰，迅速建成武漢火神山醫院；軍隊高效投送疫情防控物資，抽調醫護人員參加醫療救治；企業加班加點，最大限度生產疫情防控物資供全國統一調度。正如世界衛生組織總干事譚德塞所說，“中方行動速度之快、規模之大，世所罕見”。這充分證明，堅持全國一盤棋，調動各方面積極性，集中力量辦大事，是中國打贏疫情防控阻擊戰的有力保證，彰顯了中國國家制度和國家治理體系的顯著優勢。

 

Coordinated National Response in Epidemic Prevention and Control

 

At the meeting held on February 3, 2020 by the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Xi Jinping instructed that there should be a coordinated national response in epidemic prevention and control.

 

To ensure a coordinated national response, the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee must be strengthened. Party committees and governments at all levels must resolutely follow the unified command, coordination and deployment of the CPC Central Committee, and ensure strict enforcement of orders. All localities and government departments must think in big-picture terms and take a holistic perspective, and resolutely obey the command of the Central Leading Group for COVID-19 Prevention and Control and the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council. When devising epidemic control measures, they should take into account both the needs of their areas and sectors and the potential impacts on key regions and the whole nation.

 

Since the outbreak of the epidemic, under the unified leadership and command of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core, various localities and government departments have performed their duties, coordinated efforts, taken joint actions, and acted promptly with all their strength. A large number of medical workers from all over the country assembled and rushed to the rescue of Wuhan. By working non-stop shifts, thousands of builders raced against the clock and completed the Huoshenshan Hospital in 10 days. The PLA efficiently delivered anti-epidemic materials and dispatched medical personnel to join the rescue. The manufacturers operated at full capacity to maximize the production of materials for national unified distribution. 

 

As WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom said, “The speed with which China detected the outbreak, isolated the virus, sequenced the genome, and shared it with WHO and the world are very impressive, and beyond words.” 

 

All of these have fully proved that by ensuring a coordinated national response, China can arouse the enthusiasm of all parties and concentrate resources on major initiatives. This forms a strong guarantee for the country to win the war against the novel coronavirus, and also demonstrates great strengths of China’s state institutions and governance system.

 

2. 確保受贈財物全部及時用于疫情防控

 

疫情發生以來，湖北和武漢等地陸續收到來自國內外的大量捐贈。為了確保這些捐贈財物及時發揮應有作用，2020年2月5日，習近平在主持召開中央全面依法治國委員會第三次會議時指出，受贈財物必須全部及時用于疫情防控。這一要求，是黨中央從立法、執法、司法、守法各環節發力，全面提高依法防控、依法治理能力，為疫情防控工作提供有力法治保障的具體體現。

 

相關法律規定是貫徹落實這一原則的遵循和依據。比如，按照法律規定，受贈人應當將接受捐贈財物的情況以及受贈財物的使用、管理情況，采取不同方式真實、完整、及時公開信息；對于接受的救助災害的捐贈財產，應當及時用于救助活動；慈善組織應當積極開展慈善活動，充分、高效運用慈善財產。此外，法律還規定，受贈方要接受政府和社會的監督，在公益慈善活動中違反法律規定的，應當依法承擔法律責任。

 

All Donations to Be Used for Epidemic Control Without Delay

 

Since the outbreak of the epidemic, Wuhan and other places in Hubei have received a large number of donations from around the world. At a meeting of the Commission for Comprehensive Law-based Governance of the CPC Central Committee on February 5, Xi Jinping pointed out that the donated property must all be used without delay for epidemic control to fulfill the wishes of the kind donors. This reflects the CPC Central Committee’s efforts in enhancing legislation, law enforcement, judicial justice, and observation of the law to provide a strong legal guarantee for epidemic prevention and control.

 

According to the Chinese law, the donee shall promptly make public the true information about all the donations received and the use and management of the donated property, and distribute the property for disaster relief without delay; and the charities shall use the donation to fund charity activities, fully and efficiently. The law also stipulates that the donee shall be subject to government and public scrutiny, and the law violators in charity activities shall be held accountable.

 

3. 武漢勝則湖北勝，湖北勝則全國勝

 

湖北和武漢是疫情防控的重中之重，是打贏疫情防控阻擊戰的決勝之地。2020年2月10日，習近平在視頻連線武漢市重癥患者收治醫院時指出，武漢勝則湖北勝，湖北勝則全國勝。

疫情發生以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央始終牽掛湖北和武漢的抗疫工作。習近平兩次主持召開中央政治局常委會會議，對疫情防控工作進行專題研究，強調湖北省要把疫情防控工作作為當前的頭等大事，并對湖北和武漢做好疫情防控工作作出部署安排。黨中央派中央指導組到武漢，全面加強疫情防控第一線工作的指導，同湖北人民和武漢人民并肩作戰。全國共有40000多名醫務人員馳援湖北，其中馳援武漢的就有35000多名。實踐證明，穩住了湖北和武漢的疫情，也就穩住了全國大局。

 

If Wuhan Wins, Hubei Wins. If Hubei Wins, the Whole Country Wins.

 

Wuhan and Hubei are the top priorities in China’s epidemic prevention and control, and the main battlefield of the war against the virus. On February 10, in a video call with a hospital in Wuhan which treats severe cases, Xi Jinping pointed out, “If Wuhan wins, Hubei wins. If Hubei wins, the whole country wins.”

 

Since the outbreak of the epidemic, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has been concerned about the anti-epidemic work in Hubei and Wuhan. Xi has chaired more than one meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee to study and discuss epidemic prevention and control. He emphasized that Hubei must put epidemic prevention and control at the top of the agenda. He also made deployments for Hubei and Wuhan in their combat of the virus. 

 

The CPC Central Committee has sent the Central Guiding Team to Wuhan to comprehensively strengthen guidance on the front line, and to fight side by side with the people of Wuhan and other parts of Hubei province. More than 40,000 medical workers from all over the country came to assist Hubei, about 35,000 of whom worked in Wuhan. Practices have proved that the situation of the whole country will become stabilized if the epidemic in Wuhan and Hubei is put under control.

 

二、政策部署

Anti-Epidemic Guidelines and Arrangements

 

1. 集中患者、集中專家、集中資源、集中救治

 

2020年1月25日，中共中央政治局常委會專題會議強調，要按照“集中患者、集中專家、集中資源、集中救治”的原則，將重癥病例集中到綜合力量強的定點醫療機構進行救治，同時及時收治所有確診病人。

 

集中患者、集中救治，是防控疫情擴散和對確診患者有效治療的重要手段。集中患者既可以同步進行醫學觀察和治療，方便資源調配，盡早治療，避免輕癥拖成重癥，還可以防止正常人群的交叉感染。湖北響應中央要求，對“四類人員”集中收治，精準掌握確診患者數、疑似患者數、發熱門診有癥狀患者數、密切接觸人員中有癥狀患者數，以及各醫院、隔離點、方艙可用床位數、已用床位數、剩余床位數等，確保動態數據準確無誤。

 

集中專家、集中資源，是應對疫情的重要措施。中央通過從全國調集醫療資源支援武漢重癥患者醫療救治，整建制接管新的重癥患者收治病區等措施手段，以及在此基礎上建立院士巡診、多學科綜合治療、整體護理等一系列制度，確保重癥患者科學救治。

 

Treating the Infected in Dedicated Facilities by Senior Medical Professionals from All Over the Country and with All Necessary Resources

 

The meeting held on January 25 by the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee laid down a guiding principle of “treating the infected in dedicated facilities by senior medical professionals from all over the country and with all necessary resources.” Severe cases must be gathered into designated medical institutions with strong treatment capabilities, and all confirmed cases must be received by hospitals without delay.

 

Gathering the patients for medical treatment is an important means to prevent the spread of the epidemic and to provide effective treatment to confirmed cases. With the infected people being received in dedicated facilities, medical observation and treatment can be carried out at the same time, which can highly facilitate the allocation of resources. Also, patients can get treatment as early as possible, thus reducing the possibility of deterioration. Plus, gathering the patients together can prevent cross-infection among healthy people. 

 

Following this guiding principle made by the CPC Central Committee, Hubei has gathered the four groups of people: confirmed cases, suspected cases, febrile patients and close contacts. This has made it possible to accurately learn of the number of confirmed cases, suspected cases, symptomatic cases in fever clinics, and symptomatic cases in close contacts. It is also possible to get accurate information about the number of beds available, occupied or vacant in relevant hospitals, isolation centers and temporary treatment centers.

 

Assembling medical experts and concentrating all necessary resources are important measures to deal with the epidemic. Medical materials from all over the country have been collected to help Wuhan treat severe cases, and new medical institutions in the city that are designated to receive severe patients have been taken over wholly by appointed medical teams. On this basis, an array of working mechanisms such as academician visits, multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment and holistic nursing have been established, ensuring that severe cases can receive science-based treatment.

 

2.著力做好重點地區疫情防控工作

 

中共中央政治局常務委員會2020年2月3日召開會議，習近平主持會議并強調，要著力做好重點地區疫情防控工作。只有集中力量把重點地區的疫情控制住了，才能從根本上盡快扭轉全國疫情蔓延局面。要重點抓好防治力量的區域統籌，堅決把救治資源和防護資源集中到抗擊疫情第一線，優先滿足一線醫護人員和救治病人需要。

 

湖北省特別是武漢市等重點地區的疫情防控，是全國疫情防控的重中之重。穩住了湖北疫情，就穩定了全國大局。著力做好重點地區的疫情防控工作，既是廣大湖北人民特別是病患和家屬的迫切期望，也是防控疫情蔓延擴散的必然要求。

 

會議指出，湖北省特別是武漢市要進一步完善和加強防控，嚴格落實早發現、早報告、早隔離、早治療措施，加強疫情監測，集中救治患者，對所有密切接觸人員采取居家醫學觀察，完善和強化防止疫情向外擴散的措施。各地區要壓實地方黨委和政府責任，強化社區防控網格化管理，采取更加周密精準、更加管用有效的措施，防止疫情蔓延。做好重點地區疫情防控工作，醫治患者是化解存量，防控蔓延是防止增量，這是做好重點地區疫情防控的一套組合拳。

 

Key Regions: Focus of Epidemic Control

 

On February 3, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting to study and discuss the issue of epidemic control. Xi Jinping chaired the meeting and underscored key regions as the focus of epidemic control. Only by concentrating efforts to control the epidemic in key regions can China fundamentally curb the spread of the virus across the country as soon as possible. It is highly necessary to coordinate regional resources, concentrate treatment and protective resources to the front line, and ensure the needs of frontline medical personnel and the patients as a matter of priority.

 

Hubei province, especially Wuhan and other key regions, are the top priorities of the nationwide war against the novel coronavirus. The situation of the whole country will become stabilized if the epidemic in Wuhan and Hubei is put under control. Making greater efforts to control the epidemic in key regions echoes the urgent wishes of the people in Hubei, especially patients and their families. It is also a must to contain the virus.

 

The meeting pointed out that Hubei province, especially the city of Wuhan, should further improve and tighten their control, strictly implement the principle of “early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment,” strengthen epidemic monitoring, gather the patients for medical treatment, require all close contacts to stay at home for medical observation, and apply effective measures to prevent the spread of the epidemic. 

 

The meeting required that local Party committees and governments must fully take on their responsibilities, strengthen community grid management, and take more thorough, more targeted and more effective measures to contain the outbreak. 

 

Treating the patients on the one hand and blocking the virus from spreading on the other hand – these two together contribute to effective containment of the epidemic.

 

3. 全力以赴救治患者，保障醫療防護物資供應

 

中共中央政治局常委會2020年2月3日召開會議強調，要全力以赴救治患者，保障醫療防護物資供應，努力提高收治率和治愈率、降低感染率和病死率。

 

全力以赴救治患者，是防控工作的突出任務。會議強調，集中收治醫院要盡快建成投入使用，繼續根據需要從全國調派醫務人員支援武漢，同時保護好醫務人員身心健康。要統籌做好人員調配，盡量把精兵強將集中起來、把重癥病人集中起來，統一進行救治，及時推廣各醫院救治重癥病人的有效做法。

 

2月1日，國務院總理李克強赴疫情防控國家重點醫療物資保障調度平臺考察時強調，全力保障重點醫療防護物資生產供應，加快醫療防控物資生產、增加供應保障能力，是降低疫情感染患者死亡率、提高治愈率和做好防控工作的必要條件。增加供應就是增強抗擊疫情的戰斗力，要充分挖掘潛在產能，在保證質量的基礎上爭分奪秒增加生產，還要創造條件擴大產能。要完善不同場所、不同人群科學使用醫療防控物資的標準，醫護工作者戰斗在抗擊疫情第一線舍己救人，自身也需要防護，重點醫療防控物資首先要保證他們的需要。國務院聯防聯控機制要加強重點醫療防控物資全國統一調度，各職能部門要齊心協力，對湖北省特別是武漢市等疫情防控重點地區，醫療防控物資要優先保障。

 

Ensuring Medical Supplies and Treating Patients at All Cost

 

The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee emphasized at its meeting on February 3 that the supply of all kinds of medical protective materials must be ensured and no effort shall be spared to treat the patients. It also demanded raising the admission rate and the recovery rate, and lowering the infection rate and the case fatality rate.

 

Sparing no effort to treat the patients is a prominent task of epidemic control. The central leadership decided at the meeting that more hospitals for collective treatment would be built and put into use as early as possible, and more medical workers from other parts of the country be dispatched to meet Wuhan’s need. They also urged protecting the physical and psychological health of medical workers. They required coordination in the deployment of personnel to concentrate the competent medical workers and gather all severe cases for treatment, and timely promotion of the effective practices of various hospitals in curing severe patients.

 

When inspecting the national distribution center for major anti-epidemic medical supplies, Premier Li Keqiang called for greater efforts to ensure the production and supply of key medical protective equipment, speed up the manufacturing of anti-epidemic medical supplies, and enhance supply capacity. He said that these efforts together would provide necessary conditions for lowering the mortality rate, raising the recovery rate, and implementing solid prevention and control measures. To increase supply is to enhance fighting capacity against the epidemic, therefore it is a must to fully tap the production potential, to race against the clock to increase output while ensuring quality, and to take possible measures to expand supply. 

 

The premier emphasized improving the standards for appropriate use of anti-epidemic medical supplies in different places and for different groups of people. He said that medical workers fighting at the front line also need protection and they should have priority access to key medical protective equipment. 

 

He required the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council to improve unified distribution of major anti-epidemic medical supplies across the country. All functional departments should make concerted efforts to ensure the supply of medical resources to Hubei province, especially Wuhan and other key regions hit hard by the epidemic.

 

4.加大科研攻關力度

 

中共中央政治局常委會2020年2月3日召開會議強調，要加大科研攻關力度，戰勝疫病離不開科技支撐。會議指出，要科學論證病毒來源，盡快查明傳染源和傳播途徑，密切跟蹤病毒變異情況，及時研究防控策略和措施。要調動高校、科研院所、企業等各方面積極性，組織動員全國科研工作者參與疫情防控方面的科研攻關，推動相關數據和病例資料的開放共享，加快病毒溯源、傳播力、傳播機理等研究，及時完善防控策略和措施。要加強有效藥品和疫苗研發，注重科研攻關與臨床、防控實踐相結合。要鼓勵專家學者增強擔當精神、職業責任，在科學研究的前提下多拿出專業意見和建議。

 

加大科研攻關，直接關系人民身體健康和生命安全。打贏疫情防控攻堅戰，加大科研攻關是重要制高點。從解碼病毒到疫苗研發，從查明傳染源頭到切斷傳播途徑，所有工作的開展，都需要秉承科學論證的“方法論”。疫情防控是總體戰，加大科研攻關，就是為戰勝疫病注入關鍵性力量。

 

Reinforcing Scientific R&D Against COVID-19

 

The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee at its meeting on February 3 underscored the support of science and technology for defeating the epidemic, and urged reinforcing scientific research in this regard. The meeting highlighted the need to find the origin of the virus, identify the infection source and transmission route as soon as possible, closely track the variation of the virus, and develop prevention and control strategies and measures without delay. 

 

Universities, scientific research institutes and enterprises shall be mobilized, and researchers across the country be organized to join anti-virus research. It is also necessary to promote the sharing of relevant data and medical records, speed up research on the traceability, transmission and transmission mechanism of the virus, and make timely improvements to prevention and control strategies and measures. More efforts are needed to strengthen the development of effective drugs and vaccines, and interaction between scientific research, clinical trials and prevention control practices. Experts and scholars should take on more responsibilities, and come up with more professional proposals and solutions based on scientific research.

 

Science has a direct bearing on the health and safety of the people, and scientists play a key role in the campaign against the virus. From decoding the coronavirus to vaccine development, from identifying the infection source to cutting off the transmission route, all work must be conducted following scientific methodologies, so as to provide a strong force to win the war against COVID-19.

 

5. 切實維護正常經濟社會秩序

 

中共中央政治局常委會2020年2月3日召開會議強調，要切實維護正常經濟社會秩序。

 

物資供應充足，市場秩序井然，是確保宏觀經濟穩定運行的基礎。會議指出，要在做好疫情防控的同時，保持生產生活平穩有序，避免因確診病例增多、生活物資供應緊張等引發群眾恐慌，帶來次生“災害”。要確保主副食品生產、流通、供應，確保蔬菜、肉蛋奶、糧食等居民生活必需品供應。要落實“菜籃子”市長負責制，積極組織蔬菜等副食品生產，加強物資調配和市場供應，采取措施保證運送生活必需品的車輛順利通行。要做好煤電油氣重點供應，保障居民用能需求。要加強心理干預和疏導，有針對性地做好人文關懷。

 

會議指出，要妥善處理疫情防控中出現的各類矛盾和問題，加強社會治安工作，依法嚴厲打擊利用疫情哄抬物價、囤積居奇、趁火打劫等擾亂社會秩序的違法犯罪行為，嚴厲打擊制售假劣藥品、醫療器械、醫用衛生材料等違法犯罪行為，堅決依法打擊各類違法犯罪，維護社會穩定和國家安全。

 

Maintaining Normal Economic and Social Order

 

Maintaining normal economic and social order was stressed by the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee at its meeting on February 3.

 

Adequate supplies and market order ensures stable operation of the macro-economy. The meeting pointed out that as the nation is fighting the epidemic, it is necessary to maintain social stability and orderly production, so as to avoid public panic and “secondary disasters” caused by the increase of confirmed cases and the shortage of daily necessities. 

 

It is necessary to ensure the production, distribution and supply of staple and non-staple food, and the supply of vegetables, meat, eggs, milk, grain and other daily necessities for residents. City mayors must earnestly fulfill their responsibility of guaranteeing the people’s “vegetable basket” (non-grain food supply), actively organize the production of vegetables and other non-staple food, coordinate the allocation of materials and market supply, and take measures to ensure smooth passage of vehicles transporting daily necessities. Supply of coal, electricity, oil and gas must be maintained to satisfy the energy demand of residents. Psychological intervention and counseling and humanistic care will be provided to those in need.

 

The meeting also required efforts to properly handle all kinds of difficulties and problems in epidemic control, and maintain law and order. To safeguard social stability and national security, severe punishment will be meted out in accordance with the law on criminal and other illegal offenses such as price gouging, hoarding, speculation and other acts that disturb social order during the outbreak, as well as production and sale of fake and shoddy medicines, medical devices and medical sanitary materials.

 

三、具體措施

Effective Measures

 

1. 國務院聯防聯控工作機制

 

習近平多次作出重要指示，要求加強聯防聯控工作，筑牢群防群治的嚴密防線。2020年1月20日，結合新冠肺炎疫情防控形勢，針對春節期間人群流動大的特點，國家衛生健康委召開會議強調，全國衛生系統要健全聯防聯控工作機制，完善多部門聯防聯控疫情預案，強化對地方工作的指導和支持。1月21日，中國政府將新冠肺炎疫情防控上升到國家層面，啟動國務院應對新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疫情聯防聯控機制（簡稱“國務院聯防聯控機制”）。

 

聯防聯控工作機制是中國政府為防控新冠肺炎疫情作出的一項制度性安排，以疫情防控為中心，打破部門職責的界限，實現疫情防范應對工作的立體化、全覆蓋和高效協同。國務院聯防聯控機制由國衛生健康委牽頭，成員單位共32個部門，下設疫情防控、醫療救治、科研攻關、宣傳、外事、后勤保障、前方工作等工作組，分別由相關部委負責同志任組長，明確職責，分工協作，形成防控疫情的有效合力。截至2月28日，國務院聯防聯控機制多次召開新聞發布會，累計印發了30余項通知、技術指引和工作方案文件，介紹疫情防控、物資保障、科研攻關、復工復產等相關工作最新進展，解讀政策措施，回應各方關切。

 

在黨中央國務院決策部署下，各省市相繼構建聯防聯控、群防群控體系，依法、科學、有序開展疫情防控工作。

 

The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council

 

Xi Jinping has reiterated the importance of society-wide efforts in epidemic prevention and control, and of building a strict line of defense by mobilizing the public. 

 

On January 20, facing the outbreak of the epidemic and considering the large mobility of people during the upcoming Spring Festival break, the NHC proposed setting up a joint anti-epidemic prevention and control mechanism within the national health system, improving inter-agency preparation and coordination, and providing guidance and support to relevant local work. 

 

On January 21, the Chinese government upgraded the joint mechanism to the national level and launched the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council in Response to the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (“Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council” for short).

 

The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council is an institutional arrangement made by the Chinese government. Focusing on the mission of epidemic prevention and control, the mechanism breaks down the boundaries of different government departments and agencies and has achieved inter-agency coordination with high efficiency. With the NHC as the coordinator, a total of 32 central government departments cooperate under the mechanism, with internal work teams set up covering epidemic prevention and control, medical treatment, scientific research, publicity, foreign affairs, logistics support, and work at the front line. These work teams are each headed by a leading official of a relevant ministry or commission with clear duties and division of labor. They form strong synergy against the epidemic through close collaboration. 

 

In addition to holding press conferences, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council had issued more than 30 notices, technical guidelines and work plans by February 28, briefing the public about the latest progress in epidemic prevention and control, material supplies, scientific research and resumption of work and production, interpreting policies and measures, and responding to public concerns.

 

Following the decisions and deployment of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, all provinces and cities have established joint prevention and control mechanisms and mechanisms for society-wide efforts against the virus, and taken law-abiding, science-based and orderly measures to fight the epidemic.

 

2. 武漢“封城”

 

2020年1月22日，黨中央果斷要求湖北省對人員外流實施全面嚴格管控。1月23日，湖北省新冠肺炎疫情防控指揮部指揮長會議通告，1月23日10時起，武漢全市城市公交、地鐵、輪渡、長途客運暫停運營；無特殊原因，市民不要離開武漢，機場、火車站離漢通道暫時關閉。為遏制疫情發展，1月25日，武漢市進一步阻斷武昌、漢口、漢陽“武漢三鎮”之間的公共交通，從1月26日0時起，除經許可的保供運輸車、免費交通車、公務用車外，武漢中心城區區域實行機動車禁行管理。

 

這些“封城”措施，是有效阻斷疫情傳播、遏制疫情蔓延的必要之舉。但“封城”并不意味著“孤城”或“圍城”。為確保基本生活不受影響，武漢市新冠肺炎防控指揮部及時通告物資儲備和供應情況，呼吁市民不用恐慌，不必囤積；開通24小時電話接收社會各界愛心捐贈，做好物資接收調配工作；緊急征集6000臺出租車分配給各社區，為轄區居民出行提供免費服務，解決居家出行不便等問題。

 

武漢是中國中西部地區的中心城市，是全國重要交通樞紐。“封城”對武漢影響巨大。然而面對疫情，武漢、湖北和中國果斷采取了有力措施和行動，做出了巨大努力和犧牲，為全球疫情防控贏得了寶貴時間。

 

Wuhan in Lockdown

 

On January 22, 2020, the CPC Central Committee decisively demanded Hubei province implement comprehensive and strict control over personnel outflow. 

 

On January 23, a meeting held by the Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarter of Wuhan announced that from 10:00 a.m. on January 23, 2020, the city’s urban bus, subway, ferry and long-distance passenger transportation would be suspended, the departure channels of airport and railway stations be temporarily closed, and the citizens should not leave Wuhan without special reason. 

 

To contain the epidemic from further spreading, Wuhan blocked public transportation between Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyang on January 25. From 00:00 on January 26, all non-essential vehicles were banned in downtown Wuhan except for vehicles with permits that are used to guarantee material supply, provide free transportation, and serve public affairs.

 

These lockdown measures are highly necessary to effectively block the virus and curb the epidemic from spreading. But a lockdown does not mean putting Wuhan out on a limb or leaving it desperately alone. To ensure the citizens’ basic life not be affected much, the Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarter of Wuhan has made prompt briefings on the city’s material reserves and supplies, and reminded the public that there is no need for panic or hoarding. A 24-hour hotline was opened to receive donations from all walks of life, and solid measures have been taken to receive and deploy the donated properties. A total of 6,000 taxis have been urgently mobilized to serve communities and provide free services for those in need.

 

Wuhan is a key city in central China and an important transportation hub of the country. The lockdown has yielded a great impact on the city. However, in the face of the epidemic, Wuhan, Hubei and China have resolutely taken effective measures and actions, and by making great efforts and sacrifices, they have bought valuable time for the whole world to fight against the epidemic.

 

4. 外防輸入、內防擴散

 

新冠肺炎疫情發生時恰逢中國春節返鄉高峰，控制新增、防止擴散是疫情防控工作的關鍵所在。以習近平同志為核心的黨中央多次要求各省市采取針對性措施，做到外防輸入、內防擴散。這是針對非疫情防控重點地區、人口流動大省大市的一項差異化防控策略。

 

社區是疫情聯防聯控的第一線，也是外防輸入、內防擴散最有效的防線。通過把好入口關，強化網格化管理，守好社區防控，筑牢安全防線，可以有效切斷傳染源，控制新增輸入性病例，防止疫情擴散蔓延。

 

疫情防控期間，中共中央國務院還發出了減少人員流動、協同抗擊疫情的號召，通過及時延長春節假期，提前部署延遲開學、靈活復工、錯峰出行，并在健康監測、人員管理等方面采取嚴格措施，堅決抓好外防輸入、內防擴散兩大環節。

 

Preventing the Coronavirus from Entering and Spreading Within a Region

 

The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic coincides with the home return peak during China’s Spring Festival break. Controlling the number of infections and preventing the spread of the virus is the key to epidemic control. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has repeatedly urged all provinces and municipalities to take targeted measures and prevent the coronavirus from entering and spreading within the regions under their jurisdiction. This is a differentiated strategy for the regions that are not vital for epidemic prevention and control as well as for the provinces and municipalities with mass transient populations.

 

The community is the front line of joint prevention and control, and also the most effective line of defense against imported cases and spread from within. By deploying tight check at the entrance and strict grid management, the community can build strong defense and effectively cut off the infection source.

 

The CPC Central Committee and the State Council also called on the public to refrain from traveling and thus contribute to the epidemic fight. For this end, flexible measures have been adopted in advance such as extending the Spring Festival holiday, postponing the reopening of schools, flexible resumption of work, and staggering the time of return trips of workers. Meanwhile, strict health monitoring and personnel management has been taken to firmly prevent the spread of the virus within a certain region while guarding against imported cases.

 

4. “一人一方案” “一人一團隊”

 

2020年1月20日，武漢市新冠肺炎疫情防控指揮部工作會議提出，全力做好患者救治工作，對重癥患者“一人一方案”“一人一團隊”，確保輕癥患者盡快治愈出院。

 

采取“一人一方案”“一人一團隊”措施，就是調集一切資源，以最強的技術力量、最佳的護理服務，為患者精準提供醫護團隊和診療方案，開展及時、高效、有針對性的治療，提高治愈率。全國各地在救治工作中紛紛采用了這一模式。

 

在疫情形勢依然嚴峻復雜，防控處在最吃勁的關鍵階段，采取“一人一方案”“一人一團隊”措施是落實“集中患者、集中專家、集中資源、集中救治”要求的具體體現，也是行之有效的救治工作經驗。

 

A Dedicated Team and a Personalized Treatment Plan for Each Patient

 

On January 20, the Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarter of Wuhan decided to exert all-out efforts in the treatment of patients. For severe cases, the practice of “a dedicated team and a personalized treatment plan for each patient” will be applied, and mild cases will be cured and discharged as early as possible.

 

In adopting such a practice, it is highly necessary to mobilize all resources to provide patients customized medical teams and targeted diagnosis and treatment schemes with the strongest technical force and the best nursing service, and carry out timely, efficient and targeted treatment to raise the recovery rate. This practice has been widely adopted in the treatment of patients across the country.

 

While the epidemic situation is still grim and complex, and prevention and control work is in the most critical stage, this practice complies with the principle of “treating the infected in dedicated facilities by senior medical professionals from all over the country and with all necessary resources.” It has been proved effective in treating the patients.

 

5. 集中拉網式大排查

 

2020年2月17日至19日, 武漢市展開集中拉網式大排查, 對各區各街道轄區居民進行篩查甄別，堅持“不落一戶、不漏一人”。這是堅持人民生命至上、遵循應收盡收原則的具體舉措。

集中拉網式大排查以社區為基礎，徹底排查清“四類人員”（即確診患者、疑似患者、無法排除感染可能的發熱患者、確診患者的密切接觸者），推動落實“五個百分之百”工作目標（即確診患者百分之百應收盡收、疑似患者百分之百核酸檢測、發熱病人百分之百進行檢測、密切接觸者百分之百隔離、小區村莊百分之百實行24小時封閉管理）。

 

這次大排查運用人工智能技術，大大提高了工作效率，在3天時間內完成3300多個社區、村灣近1000萬人口的清底排查。在此基礎上，通過大數據平臺整合歸并醫院、疾控中心、醫保、公安、民政、通信運營商等相關單位的信息數據，對“四類人員”有針對性地開展核酸檢測、流行病調查，精準快速地鎖定密切接觸者，并在第一時間實施隔離，形成了對傳染源的有效鎖定和有效阻斷。

 

Massive Dragnet Screening of Potential Virus Carriers

 

From February 17 to 19, Wuhan launched a massive dragnet screening of potential virus carriers among its residents in every community, “leaving no one unscreened.” This follows the belief that “saving lives is of paramount importance,” and the principle of getting all confirmed cases hospitalized for treatment.

 

This large-scale screening was conducted in search of the four groups of people (i.e. confirmed cases, suspected cases, febrile patients who cannot rule out the possibility of infection, and close contacts), in order to ensure 100 percent of admission for confirmed cases, 100 percent of nucleic acid tests for suspected cases, 100 percent of diagnosis for febrile patients, 100 percent of isolation for close contacts, and 100 percent of 24-hour close-off management of communities and villages.

 

By the use of AI technology, the investigation was conducted with great efficiency, and reached approximately 10 million people in more than 3,300 communities and villages within three days. Based on the big data platform, the information collected was integrated with the records kept in the hospitals, disease control centers, medical insurance agencies, public security and civil affairs authorities, telecommunication carriers and other relevant units. Targeted nucleic acid tests and epidemiological studies were carried out on the four groups of people, which helped to accurately and rapidly find close contacts and isolate them without delay, therefore effectively identifying and blocking the infection source.

 

四、專有詞匯

About COVID-19

 

1. 不明原因肺炎

 

不明原因肺炎，是中國衛生部門為及時發現和處理SARS、人禽流感以及其他傳染性肺炎提出的一種醫學概念。不明原因肺炎送檢需滿足四個標準：發熱（腋下體溫≥38℃)；具有肺炎的影像學特征；發病早期白細胞總數降低或正常，或淋巴細胞分類計數減少；經規范抗菌藥物治療3～5天，病情無明顯改善或呈進行性加重。

 

2019年12月以來，武漢出現多例不明原因病毒性肺炎病例。12月31日，武漢市衛健委發布通報稱，武漢“不明原因肺炎”病例的臨床表現主要為發熱，少數病人呼吸困難，胸片呈雙肺浸潤性病灶，收治患者最早發病時間為2019年12月8日。2020年1月7日，該不明原因肺炎病毒病原體被確定為“新型冠狀病毒”。疫情發生后，武漢市迅速采取嚴厲防控措施，包括病例搜索、隔離、指定醫院收治、對密切接觸者進行醫學觀察、應急監測等，并果斷實施“早診斷、早隔離、早報告和早治療”的收治方案。

 

Pneumonia of Unknown Cause

 

Pneumonia of unknown cause is a medical term coined by the Chinese health authorities for timely detection and treatment of SARS, human avian influenza and other infectious pneumonia. Patients of pneumonia of unknown cause have the following clinical signs and symptoms: fever (axillary temperature is 38 degrees centigrade or higher), imaging features of pneumonia, decreasing or normal leukocyte count or decreasing lymphocyte count in the early stage of the disease, and no significant improvement or even progressive aggravation after standard anti-microbial treatment for three to five days.

 

In December 2019, more than one case of viral pneumonia of unknown cause was reported in Wuhan. On December 31, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission announced that the clinical pictures of recent cases of “pneumonia of unknown cause” were mainly fever, and a small number of patients had breathing difficulties and infiltration in both lungs. The earliest onset of the disease was on December 8, 2019. On January 7, 2020, the pathogen of this pneumonia virus was identified as “novel coronavirus.” 

 

After the outbreak of the epidemic, Wuhan quickly took strict prevention and control measures, including case finding, isolation, admission to designated hospitals, medical observation of close contacts, and emergency monitoring. The principle of “early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment” was also resolutely implemented.

 

2. 病毒檢測實驗

 

快速準確地檢測到病毒是防控的關鍵。2019年12月31日，國家衛生健康委高級別專家組赴武漢開展相關檢測核實工作，初步確定此次不明原因病毒性肺炎病例的病原體為新型冠狀病毒。

 

國家衛健委隨即在全國建立“日報告、零報告”制度，同時下發新冠病毒核酸檢測試劑盒，要求各地加強檢測，全力救治患者，及時發布確診病例及疫情防控信息。核酸檢測是目前診斷新冠病毒肺炎的主要依據。1月22日，國家衛健委明確指出，核酸檢測結果陰性不能排除新冠病毒感染，仍需要考慮可能產生假陰性的各種因素。為遏制疫情發展，國家衛健委向全國各省派出工作組，指導做好疫情防控相關工作。與此同時，中國政府主動向世界衛生組織和有關國家及時通報疫情信息和防控工作進展，第一時間與世界衛生組織共享新冠病毒基因序列。

 

Viral Infection Test

 

Rapid and accurate detection of the virus is the key to epidemic prevention and control. On December 31, 2019, the High-level Expert Group of the NHC was dispatched to Wuhan, who soon identified that the pathogen of this particular viral pneumonia case was a novel coronavirus.

 

The NHC immediately established a “daily report and zero report” mechanism throughout the country, and distributed novel coronavirus nucleic acid testing kits, requiring all localities to reinforce testing, make every effort to treat patients, and update the public about the confirmed cases and progress in epidemic prevention and control without delay. At that time, nucleic acid detection was the main basis for the diagnosis of the novel coronavirus pneumonia. 

 

On January 22, the NHC announced that negative nucleic acid test results cannot rule out novel coronavirus infection, and various factors that may falsely produce negative results still need to be considered. 

 

The NHC also sent work teams to different provinces and equivalent administrative regions to guide epidemic prevention and control efforts. 

 

Meanwhile, the Chinese government took the initiative to inform the WHO and relevant countries of the developments of the epidemic and progress in epidemic control, and immediately shared the gene sequence of the novel coronavirus with the WHO.

 

3. 新冠病毒成功分離

 

病毒毒株的分離有助于加快研發快速診斷的試劑，對疫苗研制和藥物研發具有重要意義。武漢出現不明原因肺炎病例后，中國政府迅速部署開展病毒分析、檢測試劑研發和疫苗研制等工作。

 

中國疾控中心在接到標本后，3小時獲得實時熒光定量檢測陽性的檢測結果，24小時獲得病毒全長基因組序列，2020年1月4日成功研制出高特異性檢測試劑，1月7日晚分別從臨床樣本和環境樣本中成功分離病毒，1月24日全球首發第一株新冠病毒毒株信息。之后，鐘南山團隊從新冠肺炎患者的糞便及尿液標本中分離出新冠病毒，此舉對公共衛生安全防控具有重要警示和指導意義。2月24日，中國—世界衛生組織新冠肺炎聯合專家考察組召開新聞發布會，稱目前新冠病毒宿主仍未確定，強調新冠病毒是一種新的病原體，各年齡段人群均無免疫力，普遍容易感染。

 

Successful Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus

 

The isolation of virus strains helps to speed up the development of rapid diagnostic reagents, which is of great significance for the development of vaccines and drugs. After cases of pneumonia by unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, the Chinese government quickly deployed the work of virus analysis, research and development of testing reagents and vaccine development.

 

After receiving the samples, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention obtained positive results of real-time fluorescence RPA in 3 hours and full-length genomic sequence of the virus in 24 hours. On January 4, 2020, a high specific detection reagent was successfully developed. On the evening of January 7, a novel coronavirus was successfully isolated from clinical samples and environmental samples, and the information about the first novel coronavirus strain in the world was released on January 24. After that, Zhong Nanshan’s team separated novel coronavirus from the feces and urine samples of confirmed patients, which has an important warning and guiding significance for public health security. 

 

The WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 held a press conference on February 24, and announced that the host of the novel coronavirus has not yet been determined, the novel coronavirus is a new pathogen, and people of all ages have no immunity and are generally susceptible to infection.

 

4. 啟動Ⅰ級響應

 

根據突發公共衛生事件性質、危害程度、涉及范圍，突發公共衛生事件劃分為特別重大(Ⅰ級)、重大(Ⅱ級)、較大(Ⅲ級)和一般(Ⅳ級)四級。這次新冠肺炎疫情是新中國成立以來在我國發生的傳播速度最快、感染范圍最廣、防控難度最大的一次突發公共衛生事件。

 

疫情就是命令，防控就是責任。自2020年1月23日起，武漢城市公交、地鐵、輪渡、長途客運暫停運營，機場、火車站離漢通道暫時關閉。1月24日，湖北省正式啟動重大突發公共衛生事件Ⅰ級響應。全國先后共有31個省、市、自治區啟動“重大突發公共衛生事件Ⅰ級響應”，全面備戰新冠肺炎疫情聯防聯控工作。在Ⅰ級響應發出后，國家衛生健康委要求各地交通運輸、民航、鐵路等部門制定應急處理預案；財政部與國家衛健委聯合制定疫情防控經費有關保障政策。隨著疫情防控工作取得階段性成效，全國疫情形勢出現積極向好的趨勢。按照“防控生產兩不誤”的要求，全國多地根據實際情況適當調整應急響應級別。

 

First-Level Public Health Emergency Response Activated

 

According to the nature, severity and scope of impact, public health emergencies are classified into four levels (I, II, III and IV), with severity decreasing from Level I to Level IV. The novel coronavirus epidemic is a public health emergency with the fastest spread and the widest range of infections, and has been the most difficult to prevent and control in China since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949.

 

“Go where there is epidemic, fight it till it perishes.” On January 23, 2020, Wuhan’s urban bus, subway, ferry and long-distance passenger transportation was all suspended, and the departure channels of airport and railway stations were also temporarily closed. 

 

On January 24, Hubei province officially launched the first-level response to major public health emergency. Across China, a total of 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government took similar actions and made comprehensive preparation for joint prevention and control of the epidemic. 

 

Consequently, the NHC urged transportation, civil aviation, railway and other departments to formulate emergency response plans. It also worked with the Ministry of Finance and jointly devised policies on allocating funds in support of epidemic prevention and control. As phased results are achieved, the overall situation of the epidemic has shown a positive trend in China. To ensure progress with both epidemic control and production, many places have appropriately lowered their emergency response levels according to the local situation.

 

5. 病死率

 

病死率是指在一定時期內，因患某種疾病死亡的人或動物數量占患病人或動物總數的比例，用于描述某種特定疾病的嚴重程度。2020年2月4日，國家衛生健康委宣布，截至2月3日晚24時，新冠肺炎全國病死率控制在2.1%，病死率低于SARS（全球病死率近11%），高于甲流（1%~1.5%）。2月24日晚，中國—世界衛生組織新冠肺炎聯合專家考察組在新聞發布會上表示，新冠肺炎的輕癥、重癥、危重三類患者分別在80%、13%和6%左右，全國病死率約在3%~4%之間，除武漢之外，全國病死率為0.7%；截至2月20日，新冠肺炎確診病例平均年齡為51歲，80%的病例年齡在30歲至69歲之間，78%的病例來自于湖北。

 

隨著中醫藥、磷酸氯喹、恢復期血漿治療納入診療方案，法匹拉韋、瑞德西韋等藥物進入臨床試驗階段，新冠肺炎治療不斷取得多項進展。科技部副部長徐南平表示，目前正在多路線部署疫苗研發，部分已進入動物試驗階段，最快將于4月下旬申報臨床試驗。

 

Case Fatality Rate

 

The case fatality rate refers to the proportion of people or animals who die from a disease to the total number of patients or animals suffering the disease within a certain period of time, which is used to describe the severity of a particular disease. 

 

On February 4, the NHC announced that by 24:00 of February 3, the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in China had been controlled at 2.1%, which was lower than that of SARS (with a global case fatality rate of 11%) and higher than that of H1N1 (1%-1.5%). 

 

On the evening of February 24, the WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 announced at its news conference that, approximately 80% of laboratory confirmed patients had mild to moderate diseases, 13.8% had severe disease and 6.1% were critical, and the case fatality rate in China was 3% to 4%, 0.7% with the exception of Wuhan; and as of February 20, the median age of confirmed cases was 51, with 80% of cases aged between 30-69 years, and 78% were from Hubei.

 

With traditional Chinese medicine, chloroquine phosphate, convalescent plasma therapy adopted into the diagnosis and treatment guidelines, and with Favipiravir, Remdesivir and other drugs heading into the phase of clinical research, sustainable progress has been made in the treatment of COVID-19. Xu Nanping, vice minister of science and technology, said that the vaccine is currently being developed in multiple approaches, some of which have entered animal testing phases and will be submitted for clinical trials as early as late April.

 

6. 世界衛生組織專家組赴武漢考察

 

2020年1月20日至21日，世界衛生組織首次派出專家組赴武漢實地考察，就病毒傳染性、重癥病例和傳染源等問題同中方進行交流，確認疫情傳播途徑出現人傳人以及醫務人員感染。世界衛生組織贊賞中國主動通報疫情信息和分享病毒基因序列，肯定中國政府在短時間內采取的各項有力有效舉措，稱道中國快速研究和識別新的病毒種類，認可中國近年來在醫學研究能力方面的進展。

 

2月16日起，中國—世界衛生組織新冠肺炎聯合專家考察組在北京、廣東和四川三地進行考察。專家組集聚全球多個機構的流行病學、病毒學、臨床管理、疫情控制和公共衛生等領域權威人士。2月22日，聯合專家組赴武漢繼續考察，并與中國流行病學專家合作，調查病毒源頭，確認病毒是否已經停止從動物向人類傳播。

 

Field Visits of WHO Experts to Wuhan

 

From January 20 to 21, the WHO sent a team of experts to Wuhan to investigate the outbreak and communicate with their Chinese counterparts about virus infectivity, severe cases and infection source. The WHO experts confirmed human-to-human transmission of the epidemic and infection among medical personnel. 

 

WHO appreciated China’s initiative to report epidemic information and share the genetic sequence of the virus, approved the strong and effective measures taken by the Chinese government in a very short time, and praised China’s rapid research and identification of new types of viruses. It also recognized China’s progress in medical research in recent years.

 

On February 16, the WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 began their field visits in Beijing, Guangdong and Sichuan. The team brought together authorities from a number of institutions around the world in the fields of epidemiology, virology, clinical management, epidemic control and public health. On February 22, the experts went to Wuhan to continue inspection. They worked with Chinese epidemiologists to investigate the source of the virus and try to confirm whether the virus had stopped spreading from animals to humans.

 

 

五、國際援助

International Aid

 

1. 蓋茨夫婦：用慈善拯救世界

 

1月27日，由比爾·蓋茨及其夫人梅琳達共同成立的蓋茨基金會，宣布提供500萬美元緊急贈款，支持中國抗擊疫情。隨后，又承諾投入最高1億美元贈款，用于支持世界衛生組織、中國相關機構以及其他國際和國家層面的相關機構，共同應對新冠病毒疫情，其中一部分用于直接幫助中國加快在藥物、疫苗及診斷方法研發等方面的工作。比爾·蓋茨專門致信習近平主席，贊賞中國政府和人民在抗擊疫情中的表現，表示將堅定支持中國打贏抗疫阻擊戰。

 

習近平在2月20日給比爾·蓋茨的回信中，感謝他和蓋茨基金會對中國防控新冠肺炎疫情工作的支持，呼吁國際社會加強協調、共同抗擊疫情。信中指出，人類是一個命運共同體，戰勝關乎各國人民安危的疫病，團結合作是最有力的武器；蓋茨基金會很早就加入全球抗擊新冠肺炎疫情的行動，發揮了積極作用；支持蓋茨基金會同中方有關機構的合作，也期待國際社會加強協調，為維護人類健康福祉一起努力。

 

Bill and Melinda Gates: Saving the World with Charity

 

On January 27, the Gates Foundation, co-founded by Bill Gates and his wife Melinda, committed $5 million in emergency funds to support China’s fight against the epidemic. Subsequently, the Foundation committed up to $100 million for the global response to the novel coronavirus. The donation will be used to assist the WHO, Chinese frontline responders and others at the global and national levels, part of it will be directed to help China accelerate the development of vaccines, drugs and diagnostics. 

 

Bill Gates sent a special letter to President Xi Jinping, praising the performance of the Chinese government and people in fighting the virus, and expressing his firm support for China to defeat the epidemic.

 

In his reply to Bill Gates on February 20, Xi Jinping thanked him and the Gates Foundation for their support, and called for enhanced coordination and concerted efforts in the international community to combat the epidemic. Xi also mentioned that, mankind is a community with a shared future, and unity and cooperation is the most powerful weapon to prevail over a disease that threatens all; the Foundation has been quick in joining the global action and has played an active role in the global response against the outbreak; and he supports the Gates Foundation’s cooperation with relevant Chinese institutions, and looks forward to enhanced coordination and concerted efforts in the international community for the sake of health and well-being of all.

 

2. 韓國：向12城市捐贈物資

 

2月11日，韓國首爾市政府向北京、重慶等12座城市提供1000套醫用防護服、500個護目鏡、90個醫用防護面罩、30臺便攜式熱成像攝像機等6億韓元（約合人民幣353萬元）規模的援助物資，并表示還將視情提供民用口罩等物資，助力中國抗擊新冠肺炎疫情。首爾市市長樸元淳專門錄制支持視頻，感謝北京市在首爾深陷中東呼吸綜合征（MERS）疫情之際派遣特使團給予幫助，希望中國能夠早日戰勝當前困難，期待首爾市與中國友好城市在困境中相濡以沫，不斷加深友誼。2月15日起，首爾市政府在市政廳廣場等公共建筑、光化門等數個人流密集的地鐵站，以及首爾市70多個有關機構的電梯內，滾動播放支持中國抗擊新冠肺炎疫情的短視頻。在民間，韓國外國語大學掛出“武漢加油、中國加油”的橫幅，成均館大學成均中國研究所捐贈300萬韓元，并發出慰問信。據初步統計，韓國政府和民間捐款捐物已超過1.5億元人民幣。韓國總統文在寅表示，韓中互為友好鄰邦，中國的困難就是我們的困難，韓國將不遺余力地提供支援和配合，與中國攜手戰“疫”、共克時艱，推動兩國關系進一步發展。

 

中韓兩國面對困難相互支持、相互幫助，反映了兩國之間共同共通的文化底蘊、守望相助的友好傳統，顯示出攜手構建人類命運共同體的鄰里情、朋友義。

 

The ROK: Donating Goods to 12 Chinese Cities

 

On February 11, the Seoul Metropolitan Government of the Republic of Korea (ROK) donated 1,000 sets of medical protective suits, 500 goggles, 90 medical masks, 30 portable thermal imaging cameras and others, with a total value of 600 million won (about 3.53 million yuan), to 12 cities including Beijing and Chongqing. It also said that it would continue to provide masks for civilian use and other materials as appropriate to help China fight against the epidemic. 

 

In a video message, Mayor of Seoul Park Won-soon expressed his thanks to Beijing for sending a special mission to help Seoul when the city was mired in the MERS epidemic. He hoped China could overcome the current difficulties as soon as possible, and looked forward to Seoul and its Chinese sister cities helping each other in the predicament and deepening friendship. 

 

On February 15, the Seoul Metropolitan Government began broadcasting short videos supporting China’s fight against the COVID-19 epidemic in public buildings such as the City Hall, Gwanghwamun and several other subway stations, as well as elevators of more than 70 relevant institutions. The civilians of Seoul also showed their support. Hankuk University of Foreign Studies put up a banner saying “Stay strong Wuhan, stay strong China.” Sungkyun Institute of China Studies of Sungkyunkwan University donated 3 million won (about 18,000 yuan) and sent a letter of sympathy. 

 

According to preliminary statistics, the ROK government and private donations have exceeded 150 million yuan. President Moon Jae-in said that the ROK and China are friendly neighbors, and his country will take China’s difficulties as theirs. His country will spare no effort in assisting and coordinating with China to fight the epidemic together, and promote further development of bilateral relations.

 

The mutual support and assistance between China and the ROK in the face of difficulties reflects the two countries’ common cultural background and friendly tradition, and shows the affection of neighborhood and righteousness of friends which enable the two countries to work together to build a global community of shared future.

 

3. 新加坡：拒絕歧視與仇華

 

新冠肺炎疫情發生以來，世界上許多國家以不同方式表達對中國抗擊疫情的支持和幫助。但也有極少數國家媒體和個人出現不友善甚至辱華仇華言行，一些身在海外的中國公民和華人遭到挑釁和歧視。

 

2月1日，新加坡總理李顯龍在新加坡宏茂橋德義區新春晚宴用中文致辭，主動回應歧視與仇華言行，表示新冠肺炎疫情是公共衛生事件，不是國家或種族的問題，排華行為愚昧且不合邏輯。他強調，中國正全力以赴避免疫情擴散，排華情緒對防疫工作無益，各國應與中國齊心協力，共同應對挑戰。李顯龍還特別稱贊道，中國正盡全力、傾全力地控制疫情擴散，包括取消所有出境旅游團，安排專機把那些在海外的湖北人接回國，中國做的是負責任的事情。新加坡外長維文也表示，中方以高度負責任的態度和世所罕見的舉措應對疫情，第一時間同國際社會分享信息，為新加坡等國應對疫情提供了寶貴幫助。

 

恐慌與排斥比病毒更可怕。新加坡政要高官公開表態對中國戰勝疫情抱有堅定信心，及時向中國伸出援助之手，體現了中新兩國在困難時刻互幫互助的優良傳統，兩國友誼在抗擊疫情的斗爭中得到了深化，兩國合作必將在疫情過后得到新的拓展。

 

Singapore: Say NO to Discrimination and Sinophobia

 

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, many countries have in different ways expressed their support and assistance to China in fighting the epidemic. However, some media and individuals in a very small number of countries have used unfriendly and even humiliating words and acted in hatred toward China, and some overseas Chinese nationals have faced provocation and discrimination.

 

On February 1, Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong delivered a speech in Chinese at the Spring Festival Dinner in Ang Mo Kio. He addressed the recent bubbling of anti-China or anti-Chinese sentiment, saying that the COVID-19 epidemic is a public health event, not a matter of country or race, and the anti-Chinese sentiment is foolish and illogical. 

 

He noted that China is doing its best to contain the virus, anti-China is not helpful to the fight against the outbreak, and all countries must work together to defeat the epidemic. In particular, Lee Hsien Loong praised that China has imposed its own travel restrictions, including canceling all outbound tour groups and bringing back Hubei residents from overseas, and what China is doing is responsible. 

 

Vivian Balakrishnan, foreign minister of Singapore, also said that China has responded to the epidemic with a highly responsible approach and measures rarely seen around the world, sharing information with the international community immediately after the outbreak and providing valuable help to Singapore and other countries in dealing with the epidemic.

 

Panic and repulsion are worse than the virus. Senior Singaporean officials have publicly expressed their firm confidence in China’s victory over the epidemic and extended a helping hand to China. This has reflected the tradition of China and Singapore helping each other in difficult times, and their friendship has been deepened in the battle against the virus. Cooperation between the two countries will certainly get a new expansion after the epidemic.

 

六、人物案例

Brave Fighters

 

1. 張繼先：疫情上報“第一人”

 

張繼先，湖北省中西醫結合醫院呼吸與重癥醫學科主任，在非典疫情防治期間曾擔任武漢市江漢區專家組成員。她以超強的專業意識，最早判斷并堅持上報新冠肺炎疫情，在中國率先拉響了疫情防控警報。

 

2019年12月27日，張繼先發現接診的病人中有一家三口肺部CT檢查結果顯示肺部表現相同，在給患者做了各項流感相關檢查結果呈陰性后，她立即向醫院做了情況匯報，并由醫院上報給江漢區疾控中心。隨后兩天，醫院門診又收治了3名癥狀和肺部表現一致的患者，張繼先再次上報給醫院，由此成為此次新冠肺炎疫情上報的“第一人”。

 

新冠肺炎疫情防控期間，作為呼吸內科主任，張繼先負責危重患者救治，工作量非常大。她每天七點半到醫院，查房了解病情，制定診療方案，經常忙到晚上十點以后。由于發現及時、準備充分，張繼先所在科室做到了無一例醫護人員感染和無一例患者交叉感染。2020年2月4日，湖北省人力資源和社會保障廳、湖北省衛生健康委員會決定給予在疫情防控期間表現突出的張繼先記大功獎勵。

 

Zhang Jixian: the First Doctor to Report Novel Coronavirus

 

Zhang Jixian is director of the Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine. She was a member of the Expert Group of Jianghan District of Wuhan during the SARS outbreak in 2003. With an extremely acute professional awareness, Zhang was the first person to make the correct diagnosis and insist on reporting the epidemic to the higher authorities. She was the first to sound the alarm for the prevention of the virus.

 

On December 27, 2019, Zhang Jixian was surprised to find that three of her patients – the parents and the son – had similar CT images of their lungs. As the results of various influenza-related tests on these three patients were all negative, she immediately alerted the hospital chief to this situation, who forwarded her report to the Jianghan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention. In the following two days, the hospital received another three patients with similar symptoms and lung photos, and Zhang reported this to the hospital again, thus becoming the first doctor to report the COVID-19 epidemic.

 

During the COVID-19 outbreak, Zhang was responsible for the treatment of critically ill patients with a very heavy workload. She arrived at the hospital at 7:30 every morning, knowing that a hectic schedule awaited her to make the rounds of the wards and formulate diagnosis and treatment schemes. She was often heavily occupied until after 10 o’clock at night. 

 

Due to her timely discovery and adequate preparation, no medical staff in Zhang’s department has been infected with the virus and no cross-infection has occurred among her patients. Zhang was awarded a merit for her outstanding performance in the fight against the epidemic on February 4 by the Human Resources and Social Security Department and the Health Committee of Hubei Province.

 

2. 朱國超：至親感染卻沖在戰“疫”最前線

 

朱國超，武漢市第六醫院重癥醫學科主任。2020年1月25日，武漢市第六醫院被指定為發熱定點醫院，先后收治近600位重癥患者，其中12位收治在ICU的危重病人不僅年紀大，而且患有各種基礎病。作為重癥醫學科主任，朱國超每天查房、搶救、治療，超負荷工作12小時以上。一些危重病人吃不下飯時，她冒著被感染的風險，親自為他們插上鼻胃管，做腸胃營養支持。

 

在此期間，她的婆婆、公公和丈夫先后不同程度感染新冠病毒，但她只能趁午間空隙，到呼吸病區照顧家人。1月30日晚，她77歲的婆婆因搶救無效離開人世，而朱國超忍著悲痛，仍然堅守在抗擊新冠肺炎疫情第一線。2月3日，已經一個月沒有離開工作崗位的她迎來一個好消息——丈夫治愈出院，她特地向醫院請了3個小時的假去接丈夫出院。在醫院門口，她對丈夫說：“在這兒合張影吧，紀念你重生！”

 

Zhu Guochao: Battling on the Front Line As Her Family Members Infected

 

Zhu Guochao is director of the Intensive Care Unit of Wuhan Sixth Hospital. On January 25, her hospital was designated for febrile patients. It has received nearly 600 COVID-19 patients with severe conditions, and the 12 cases in the ICU are aged with underlying conditions. As the ICU director, Zhu was heavily overloaded and worked more than 12 hours a day. As some critically ill patients could not eat, she braved the risk of getting infected, and inserted nasogastric tubes for them to provide necessary nutrition.

 

During that period, her mother-in-law, father-in-law and husband were successively infected with the virus and were received by her hospital. But she could only manage to look after them for a while at lunchtime. Her 77-year-old mother-in-law died from the disease on January 30. Zhu endured grief and remained on the forefront. 

 

On February 3, after working on her post for a month, Zhu received the good news that her husband was cured and about to be discharged. She specially asked for three hours’ leave to pick up her husband. At the gate of the hospital, she said, “Let’s take a picture here to commemorate your rebirth!”

 

3. 英雄機長劉傳健：主動請纓運送醫護人員和相關物資

 

劉傳健，四川航空公司飛行訓練管理部副總經理，曾任重慶分公司飛行分部責任機長，是電影《中國機長》的主人公原型，被譽為“英雄機長”“中國版薩利機長”。2018年5月14日，四川航空3U8633次航班在由重慶飛往拉薩途中，突然發生駕駛艙風擋玻璃爆裂脫落的緊急狀況。在機艙失壓、氣溫驟降的情況下，機長劉傳健和機組成員臨危不亂，成功迫降成都，確保了119名旅客的生命安全，創造了國際民航客運史上的奇跡。

 

2020年2月2日，四川第三批援助湖北醫療隊120余名醫護人員和相關物資飛赴武漢。劉傳健主動申請執飛此次任務，他說“這既是一次正常飛行，也是一次艱巨任務，我們一定不辱使命，安全歸來。”2月9日，四川省第六批援助湖北醫療隊伍出征，劉傳健再度執飛運送航班。

 

Liu Chuanjian: the Hero Pilot Volunteering to Fly the Relief Mission

 

Liu Chuanjian is deputy general manager of the Flight Training and Management Department of Sichuan Airlines. He was once command pilot of the Chongqing Branch. He is called “hero pilot” and “China’s Captain Sully,” and his story has been turned into a moving movie The Chinese Pilot. 

 

On May 14, 2018, while he was piloting Flight 3U8633 from Chongqing to Lhasa, the right front windshield of the cockpit suddenly cracked. In spite of an extremely low temperature, lack of oxygen, strong wind and deafening noise, Liu and his crew manually operated the aircraft and made an emergency landing in Chengdu, ensuring the safety of all 119 passengers on board and creating a miracle in the history of civil aviation.

 

On February 2, 2020, Sichuan dispatched 120 medical workers to assist Hubei. Liu Chuanjian had applied to fly the mission, “This is a normal flight, and an arduous task. We will live up to our mission and return safely.” He flew the mission again on February 9 and successfully transported the sixth batch of Sichuan’s medical personnel to Hubei.

 

4. 武漢快遞小哥汪勇：組織志愿者接送醫護人員

 

汪勇，一名生長于武漢的80后快遞員。受新冠肺炎疫情影響，許多快遞公司在春節期間暫停服務。2020年1月24日晚，在家照顧女兒的汪勇看到了一名武漢金銀潭醫院的護士發布在微信朋友圈的信息，得知由于車輛限行、公交車和地鐵停運，很多醫護人員下夜班后無法回家，遂決定義務接送醫護人員上下班。第一天，汪勇服務了十幾名武漢金銀潭醫院的醫護人員后，感到一個人力量有限，于是開始在朋友圈發布消息招募志愿者，并建立醫護服務群，共同解決醫護人員出行問題。此外，他還聯系了多家為醫護人員免費提供盒飯的餐廳與企業。

 

疫情期間，在汪勇的幫助下，1000多名醫護人員解決了出行和就餐問題。他說：“我是一個沒有資源的人，一路走來，特別感謝參與的志愿者和企業的幫助。大家都在努力，我只是一個組織的人。”

 

Wang Yong: a Courier Volunteer

 

Wang Yong is a native courier of Wuhan born in the 1980s. Affected by the epidemic, many express delivery companies suspended their services during the Spring Festival. On the evening of January 24, Wang read a message posted on WeChat by a nurse at Jinyintan Hospital in Wuhan. Learning that due to traffic restrictions and the suspension of buses and subways, many medical workers could not go home after the night shift, Wang volunteered to take them to and from work. 

 

On the first day, he offered help to more than a dozen medical staff of Jinyintan Hospital. But he felt one person’s strength was still small, so he posted messages on WeChat looking for more volunteers to help solve the travel problems of medical workers. He also contacted a couple of restaurants and food producers and helped them deliver free box lunches to health care workers.

 

Wang has helped more than 1,000 medical workers with their commuting and dining problems. “I have no resources. I am grateful to other volunteers and businesses that have offered help. Everyone is working hard. I am just one of them,” he said.

 

5. 袁傳偉：一個人扛起整條生產線

 

袁傳偉，江蘇省蘇州市一家精密器械有限公司生產負責人。2020年1月26日，在老家江蘇鹽城過春節的他，接到了一份為武漢生產消毒設備零部件的緊急訂單。合作伙伴告訴他，由于疫情嚴重，湖北急需過氧化氫消毒器為醫院消毒。

 

1月27日，袁傳偉緊急聯系相關部門辦理復工手續，然而卻面臨著沒有工人的問題，很多回家過年的工人在老家自我隔離，不被允許外出。當晚，他開始24小時吃住在工廠，一天只休息兩個小時。通常情況下，做完這一批200套的訂單，需要5名員工協同合作15天，而袁傳偉一個人用了16天時間完成了這批訂單。他生產的零部件，經由合作伙伴組裝成過氧化氫消毒器成品，發往湖北抗疫一線，可以說，袁傳偉憑借一己之力扛起了整條生產線。

 

隨著工廠陸續復工，材料短缺問題得到解決，袁傳偉接手了更多零部件生產任務，他說：“辛苦總比疫情奪去人的生命要好。”

 

Yuan Chuanwei: a One-Man Production Line

 

Yuan Chuanwei is in charge of production in a precision equipment company located in Suzhou, Jiangsu province. On January 26, while staying in his hometown of Yancheng for the Spring Festival, Yuan received an urgent order from Wuhan for the parts of hydrogen peroxide sterilization equipment. He was told that due to the serious epidemic, Hubei’s hospitals desperately needed hydrogen peroxide disinfectors.

 

Yuan immediately contacted relevant authorities and completed the procedures for resuming production. Then he found he was the only worker at the factory. Others had all returned home for family reunion and were currently required to quarantine at home, which meant they could not return to work. 

 

From the night of January 27 on, Yuan lived and worked non-stop in the workshop, only taking a nap on the sofa when tired. Normally it would take five employees to complete 200 sets in 15 days, but Yuan alone fulfilled the order in 16 days. The parts he produced were soon assembled into hydrogen peroxide sterilization equipment by his partner and sent to the frontline of Hubei. Single-handedly, Yuan ran the whole production line all by himself.

 

As more factories successively resumed production and the shortage of materials was solved, Yuan received more orders. “The work is tiring, but the pain is way better than that of the epidemic,” he said.

 

6. 汶川村民：自發支援武漢100噸蔬菜

 

2008年汶川地震后，汶川縣百余名傷者被送至武漢接受免費救治。在醫護人員精心照料下，所有傷者無死亡、無感染、無后遺癥。

 

新冠肺炎疫情發生以來，武漢的情況也牽動著汶川同胞的心。2020年2月4日，汶川縣三龍鎮龍竹村村支書趙勇帶領11位村民，駕駛6輛卡車，經過36小時的長途跋涉到達武漢。卡車上載滿了村民自發捐贈給武漢9家醫院和外省醫療隊駐地的100噸新鮮蔬菜，每一輛運送蔬菜的卡車上，都掛著“汶川感恩您，武漢要雄起”的橫幅。

 

在采購蔬菜時，很多村民慷慨地說：“隨便摘、不要錢，幫我帶到武漢就行。”而武漢的相關工作人員，也主動為運送蔬菜的12名村民發放防護用具、給車輛消毒，最大程度保障他們的安全。

 

Wenchuan Quake Survivors: Donating 100 Tons of Vegetables in Return

 

After the earthquake in 2008, more than 100 injured people in Wenchuan county of Sichuan were sent to Wuhan for free treatment. Thanks to the care of medical workers, the injured quake survivors were all cured, with no mortality, no infection and no after-effects.

 

After the outbreak of the epidemic, the people in Wenchuan have been greatly concerned about the situation in Wuhan. On February 4, Zhao Yong, CPC branch secretary of Longzhu village, and 11 villagers drove 36 hours and arrived in Wuhan. The six trucks of theirs were fully loaded with 100 tons of fresh vegetables, which were donated by their villagers to nine hospitals in Wuhan and the medical teams coming from other parts of the country to help the city. On the trucks hung banners bearing slogans saying, “Love from Wenchuan, Stay strong Wuhan.”

 

When the villagers went to purchase the vegetables, the growers said generously, “Pick whatever you want, free of charge, just bring them to Wuhan for me.” In return for their generosity, the people in Wuhan presented protective equipment to the villagers and disinfected the trucks for their safety.

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